The Average Cost For Lung Cancer Surgery Is Around 15,000

The average cost for lung cancer surgery is around 15,000 dollars. If that option doesn t work chemotherapy costs anywhere from 10,000 to 200,000 dollars. Now this is something only smokers have to fear right? Wrong, sadly from second hand smoke many non-smokers suffer from many of the same tobacco illnesses as every day smokers. In order to stop this the amount of smoke in the air needs to be reduced, there needs to be more alternatives, and people need to be better educated on the dangers they expose themselves and others to. All around, second hand smoking is an increasing problem that needs to be addressed. Second hand smoking is a larger problem that most people overlook due to an arrogant perspective. Second hand smoking is†¦show more content†¦So when people vape around kids thinking it s ok it isn t going to hurt them, that s the opposite it actually is. Also just to prove that second hand smoking is a dangerous health concern, since the surgeon general in 1964 there has been whopping, â€Å" 2.5 million† deaths due to tobacco illnesses, but these people never smoked as cigarette. Which is ridiculous not only from a health standpoint, but also an economical standpoint. Medicare and medicaid spend billions on tobacco illnesses. For a country constantly sinking in debt that doesn t sound like the best investment, to spend billions on someone s habit. Now second hand smoking has been mentioned a lot, but what exactly is second hand smoking? Well it is more than just what the smoker exhales, it also included the smoke from the burning end of the cigarette. These two sou rces combined contain more, â€Å"7,000 chemicals. Hundreds of toxins, and about 70 can cause cancer† (Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke). So how did this problem begin and get so out of hand? Believe it or not it all started with second hand smoking, well kind of. The native americans smoked it at religious ceremonies, but were not addicted and didn t smoke it everyday. Though when the european settlers came over the got a scent of the smoke coming from natives pipe, they were intrigued. Then once they tried it andShow MoreRelated Secondhand Smoke Essay1829 Words   |  8 Pagesbars and clubs. Jump to Heather’s life at age 33. With no warning, she was diagnosed with lung cancer after a random chest x-ray taken due to heart palpitations. â€Å"My heart was fine, but the x-ray showed a tiny three-centimeter spot on my upper right lung,† said Heather. Heather’s doctors told her that exposure to secondhand smoke possibly could have contributed to her development of lung cancer, but in non-smokers it’s difficult to pinpoint the exact cause. Most Americans have been toldRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking On Our Health2075 Words   |  9 Pagesharmful effects. The chemistry of tobacco is very complex and contains approximately 7,000 chemical compounds and also some harmful gases. Researchers have identified more than 250 harmful chemicals and at least 69 of them are responsible to produce cancer in humans. In order to know more about smoking, one must focus on facts and statistics of smoking cigarette, cigar and pipes, explaining the effects of smoking and second hand smoking on human health, why people do not quit smoking and how to educateRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pagesliving in the vicinity of the factory are exposed to toxic chemicals that continue to leach from tonnes of waste lying within the UCIL premises causing groundwater and soil contamination. As a result a whole new generation continues to get sick, from cancer and birth defects to everyday impacts o aches and pains, f rashes, fevers , eruptions of boils, headaches, nausea, lack of appetite, dizziness, and constant exhaustion. During the last four years survivors’ organizations have renewed their campaignRead MoreMedical Tourism22177 Words   |  89 Pages.......................... iii APPENDIX D: Hospitals participating in promotion of Health Tourism ..................... viii APPENDIX E: Health Personnel: Population Ratio 2000 and 2005 ........................... ix APPENDIX F: Medical Treatment Costs (KPJ HealthCare) ....................................... x APPENDIX G: Project Submission Form ...................................................................xi TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Medical tourism across the world ..................Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages............................................................................................... 220 CHAPTER 7 Defending Against Deception ............................................................................. 226 Deception Is All Around Us ............................................................................................................. 227 Exaggeration and Lying .........................................................................................................Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagestime-series plot shown in Figure 3.34 appears on the U.S. Census Bureau web site. It shows the average earnings of workers by educational level as a proportion of the average earnings of a high school graduate over time. For example, we can see from this plot that in 1993 the average earnings for people with bachelor’s degrees was about 1.5 times the average for high school graduates. In that same year, the average earnings for those who were not high school graduates was only about 75% Page 123 ââ€"   Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand Implications for Managers 60 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Attitude Toward Older People? 40 Myth or Science? â€Å"Dual-Career Couples Divorce Less† 47 An Ethical Choice Religious Tattoos 51 glOBalization! Images of Diversity from Around the Globe 54 Point/Counterpoint Men Have More Mathematical Ability Than Women 61 Questions for Review 62 Experiential Exercise Feeling Excluded 62 Ethical Dilemma Board Quotas 62 Case Incident 1 The Flynn Effect 63 Case Incident 2 Increasing Age

The Sins of the Father Essay - 1954 Words

The Sins of the Father What happens to children severely traumatized or neglected during the first years of life? This is an infinite topic, so the focus of this exploration will be limited to three personality disorders. The symptoms of these personality disorders are diagnosed in adulthood, but their roots lie in the first 4 years of life. Eriksons growth stages of trust vs. mistrust and autonomy vs. self-doubt will form the foundation for understanding. When a child is exposed to abusive, pathological parenting during these development stages the result is often a personality disorder. Personality disorders are enduring patterns of perception, which are maladaptive and cause significant functional impairment and/or subjective†¦show more content†¦Both of these responses produce a hysterical infant in physical pain and extreme psychological distress. If the caregiver is unable to respond to the infant, the feelings of helplessness become a predominant part of the infant’s experience. Th e infant cries and cries, or withdraws, forming the experiential belief that it cannot survive or find stability. This is the very core of mistrust. The infant learns to mistrust the caregiver and internalizes the experience so as to mistrust itself. Remember the infant is unable to differentiate between the caregiver and itself. This is the foundation of significant distress and an inability to achieve a secure bond that in turn will be transferred to every relationship it has throughout life. The conflict of desperately needing to depend on another but being unable to trust another has begun formation. The conflict is then acted out throughout life in an attempt to resolve it. This inability to form a confident reliance in a primary relationship produces the basic underlying pathology for borderline, narcissistic and paranoid personality disorders. Significant characteristics of the borderline personality disorder include patterns of unstable and intense interpersonal relationshi ps, characterized by alternating between extremes of devaluation and over-idealization. A similar characteristic of the narcissistic personality disorder is continuous exploitation throughout the life of interpersonalShow MoreRelatedSins Of The Fathers : Man s Hubris Vs. Fate s Intervention2466 Words   |  10 Pages Sins of the Fathers: Man’s hubris vs. Fate’s intervention in the Theban plays. The sins of the fathers in the Theban plays written by Sophocles, illustrates the conflicts between man’s actions against the power of unwritten law, the willingness to ignore the truth, the misused limits of free will, and the false notion of beating the ways of fate. The fathers, chronologically Lauis, Oedipus, and Creon all exemplify people who acted in ways to avoid the predestined fates set up on themRead More Hamlet Soliloquy Act 3 Scene 3 Essay778 Words   |  4 Pagesthat if he kills his uncle while he is praying, will his father be avenged because as he is confessing his sins to god if hamlet killed him then he would go straight to heaven and his father would not be avenged †A villain kills my father; and for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send To heaven.† He says now how he being his father’s only son and that only he because he was chosen by his father to avenge his death, but if he does do it while his uncleRead MoreHunter Rittle. Mrs. Voshell . Honors English 10 . 6 January1045 Words   |  5 PagesPrynne commits a sin. She commits the sin of adultery which results in the birth of her daughter Pearl. Hester now has to wear a scarlet letter on her chest for the rest of her life. Unbeknownst to everyone else except Hester, Dimmesdale, is the father of Pearl. Hester’s husband, Roger Chillingworth, now seeks revenge for what Hester has done to him. He learns that Dimmesdale is the father but tells no one because he wants to have something over Dimmesdale. Dimmesdale reveals his sin to the public ofRead MoreTheme Of Sin In The Scarlet Letter759 Words   |  4 PagesEssay About Secret Sin In the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, made in the 1800s and takes place in the 1700s. The novel, the Scarlet Letter is about a woman, Hester Prynne, who committed adultery in a Puritan society. She is punished for committing her sin by have the letter â€Å"A† in scarlet sewn onto her bosom, The â€Å"A† standing for adultery and is scarlet, representing sex, sin and, evil. 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Come one and all for England Free Essays

Come one and all for England, rally to the flag†¦ From North and South and East and West Come one and all for England! † (Cloud 9) Act one of Cloud Nine by Caryl Churchill is set in a British African colony in the nineteenth century. The first scene takes place on the verandah of a house. The scene also opens with an opening song introducing all the characters in the show. We will write a custom essay sample on Come one and all for England or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the show even starts, the actors come out, not fully dressed, and warm up. I think that this was a director’s choice to show the audience which characters are female and which ones are male. Evelyn Gaynor was one of the actresses who came out before the show in a wig cap to show she was playing a boy in the first act. Evelyn does an excellent Job with transitioning from a male in act one to playing a female in the second act. In the opening scene you see Evelyn play the role of young Edward. You see Edward tending after Victoria’s doll, which annoys his father because he thinks this is unmanly. You also question Edwards sexuality during this scene because of Evelyn’s character choices with the doll. Evelyn embraces the doll like it is her prized possession as well as talking to it. All of these interactions with this prop gives the audience a sense that Edward has some feminine qualities. You also sense the feminine qualities in Edward through his interactions with his uncle Harry. You see the the love Edward has for his uncle in the opening scene and throughout the rest of the first act. At first it looks as if Edward is just longing for that loving father figure that Clive doesn’t provide to his son, but as act one proceeds, you See Evelyn make very strong character choices to show that it’s more than that. You see Evelyn draw nearer and nearer to Harry each time they are together in a scene. You also see the innocence shine though Evelyn when she asks her uncle to â€Å"do that thing† again that they did during Harrys last visit. Evelyn beams with happiness when she asks this question which make the performance believable. I honestly believe that Edward doesn’t know the impact of what’s going on because Evelyn plays The innocence of Edwards character so well. I feel that Evelyn’s overall intention of playing the part of Edward was to show the Journey of Edwards true truggle. You can see through Evelyn’s performance that Edward constantly battles with trying to impress his father and also be true to himself. Evelyn Does an excellent job in playing the true, young, innocent age of the young Edward. Because Evelyn’s choices to talk as a would it makes the character more believable. By this, I mean the way she is either whining, pouting, or Just talking as a young child would. This helped me to actually picture a young child go though these true struggles with his father as well as his sexuality. At the beginning of act two you can see that Evelyn has made the transformation from Edward, a male, to Betty, a female. These two characters, in my opinion, are polar opposites, and for Evelyn to master both parts is nothing short than amazing. Unlike act one, Evelyn now plays Betty, a now more liberated Betty (unlike Betty in act 1). Evelyn plays this role with the utmost class†¦.. at first. She holds her ground and takes her beats to collect herself during he first chunk of lines but as you see Betty unwind and tell her children about the divorce, you see an underlying anic in Evelyn’s voice. This shows that Betty still is quite afraid to hold her own. I overall intentions in act two were to be able to branch out by nerselt and realize she doesn’t need a man to support her in order for her to survive. with this said, Evelyn takes us on a Journey of realization by showing each side of the new Betty. You see the stronger, more confident Betty and also the more venerable Betty. You can see that Evelyn chose to show her most venerable point when she was trying to leach onto the lats chance in having a relationship with her own daughter. How to cite Come one and all for England, Papers

Positive Accounting Research A Better Tool

Question: Discuss about thePositive Accounting Researchfor aBetter Tool. Answer: Introduction To begin with any scientific project, one should know about the element for which research is to be undertaken. After identifying the risk element, the researcher should list out all the things that he requires for completing the research in an effective and efficient manner (Christensen, 2016). Through this report, the authors research in the topic of positive accounting has been deeply reviewed and criticized. The topic of the research is the half a defense of positive accounting research. It refers to the authors main emphasis on the treatment of positive accounting research as the wider scientific project and considering the same as wider in terms and objective as compared to the positive accounting theory. At the very beginning brief introduction of the paper is given as to what are the key arguments of the company. Thereafter the summary has been given of the research. The question of the research is defined along with their flow over the literature and the theoretical framewor k that the author has used and then the importance and the limitations received and suffered respectively by the article has been explained. At the end the study has been concluded with the conclusion paragraph. Executive Summary The title of the report is Positive accounting research which is a better tool for understanding the human behavior and most importantly the cause and effect relationship between the two. There are two major aims of the study. One is to consider the positive accounting research as the wider scientific research project and second aim is to have the good understanding of the cause and effect relationship of the human behavior of the employees and other officers including those charged with governance in the accounts finalization of the company. Along with this major aims the main argument of the author that has been flowed throughout the study is that whether the positive accounting research is the wider scientific project and whether the qualities that the best scientific research program should have, positive accounting research possess. To achieve the aim and support the main arguments, the author has used number of old and theories and even the statistical methods have been used fo r having the relevant facts and figures. To further proceed the research and to establish the fact of analyzing the cause and effect relationship of human behavior, the author has taken the auditor and auditee relationship for better understanding of the human relationship. The study has made very wide contribution for the large and complex organizations. In order to summarize, the study is very extensive and has been bifurcated accordingly. Research Question The question of research shall be very well defined and should have clear perspectives. It is the question of research which helps the researcher to proceed with the research and to come up with the defined and desired results. Although there are many question of the research, but here only two major questions will be discussed. The first question is that positive accounting research is the wider scientific project and the research theme so chosen has to go through the series of steps to proof it that the positive accounting research is indeed the wider scientific project (Ghanbari,2016). For this the author has argued this by use of various theories and further questioned that how this research project will help the large and complex organizations to understand the cause and effect relationship of the human behavior prevalent in an organization. This has further led to the second question that while analyzing and interpreting the human behavior of the individuals, the company shall consider the factors which are leading the individuals to behave in the particular manner and particular way. These factors include not only the financial matters but also the non financial matters. The research question has been flowed throughout the study and thats why the best qualities of the scientific research program at the end of the study are given. Research Framework Framework is the structure which is adopted by every person to carry on their work in the particular and defined line and with predefined objectives therein. If no structure is developed for any work then the company or any person will end up with confusion and thereby the results will be equivalent to zero (Trang and Thao, 2016). In the study the author has prepared the well developed framework including nit only the structure based on the number of theories but also will be based on the mathematical presumptions and the statistical measures. In the beginning the author has started with the theory of science and imaginations: Different communities in the world exists The event in this world are caused by the communities present in the world Any common person can lay out the observations from the event and These observations will further help in explaining the cause and effect relationship of the event happened and the repercussions and cause for the same. (Williams, 2012). Thereafter the theory of Georgia has been included: No one exists in this world If someone exists then knowledge of it cannot be obtained And in case someone got the knowledge then no one will be informed about the event After theoretical theories the mathematical measure of popper criteria for falsification of hypothesis has been detailed and at the conclusion has been made. In this way, proper and defined framework has been followed. Significance and Limitations Apart of having the defined research question and the defined and proper framework, the research has suffered the limitations and at some places these limitations have been acknowledged by the researcher. The first limitation that the author has recognized is that the Kuhn Model for description shall not be fit into the scientific research. It is so because it is applied where the prizes are given on solving the puzzles and sometime that the prizes are given in the hands of the elite. It does not involve the intellectual people to have prizes. The second limitation that the author has recognized is that the research program so undertaken has not received much significance because of the fact that the research program does not have the qualities that every scientific research program should have. Due to this acknowledgement, the author has mentioned the best qualities required from the successful research program. This is the main theoretical conclusion that the author has taken from the theories. Though the article has been suffered from many limitations but the importance that it has gained from the complex organizations is tremendous as the companies have started following the same practice and have included the same in the Internal control procedures and policies of the company. Conclusion The review has been started with introduction of the topic and thereby outlining the main argument along with the main objectives of the research. Thereafter summary of the article has been given. Further the question of research or the research element have been mentioned which has led the researcher to conduct the research. After defining the research of the question, the framework of the whole paper has been discussed in detail as to how it has been prepared and how it has led to the research element come into place. Thereafter the limitations and significance has been given. In order to conclude the study has opened the ways for development of many companies. References Christensen, H.B, (2016). Accounting information in financial contracting:The incomplete contract theory perspectiveJournal of Accounting Research,54, 399-424. Ghanbari, M., (2016), PAT (Positive Accounting Theory) and NaturalScience available at https://www.irjabs.com/files_site/paperlist/r_2849_160224091446.pdf accessed on 14/04/2017.. Trang T and Thao P, (2016), Positive Accounting An effective trend for Vietnamese Accounting in the New Area, available at https://www.rusnauka.com/29_PMN_2015/Economics/7_198718.doc.htm accessed on 17/04/2017. Williams P, (2012), The Logic of Positive Accounting Research, Journal of Accounting Organizations and Society, Vol. 14, 5-9

Gimpel The Fool Essays - Gimpel The Fool, Gimpel,

Gimpel The Fool Thesis: Although Gimpel appeared to be a fool, he was really a wise man. I. Introduction A. Thesis II. Gimpel ? A Fool A. Tricks played on him by towns people B. Marriage to Elka III. Gimpel ? A Wise Man A. Love of children B. Religious beliefs C. Rejection of devil's influence IV. Type of Story V. Conclusion A. Restate thesis "Gimpel the Fool" is a story of laughter and sadness. Gimpel was a boy that had a reputation of being a fool since his early age. People were always playing tricks at him. Although Gimpel appeared to be a fool, he was really a wise man. He showed he was a wise man by loving the children that were not his, being a believer in his religion and by not taking advice from the Devil. There are many ways in which Gimpel appeared to be a fool. First the young men of the village spent a great deal of time making fun of poor Gimpel (Kazin 353). It appeared that he was taken in by their stories to an extreme degree. Even as he went about his employment in the bakery, the townspeople continued to tell Gimpel fantastic tales that became more and more fantastic (Siegel 366). An example of people making fun of him was the following: "Gimpel, there is a fair in heaven; Gimpel, the rabbi gave birth to a calf in the seventh month; Gimpel, a cow flew over the roof and laid brass eggs. Gimpel, while you stand here scraping with your baker's shovel the Messiah has come. The death heaven arisen. What do your mean? Gimpel said. I heard no one blowing the ram's horn! The kid said. Are you deaf? And all began to cry, We heard it, we heard! Gimpel, your father and mother have stood up from the grave. They are looking for you" (Singer 79). Because Gimpel believed everything that everyone told him he became the foolish boy of the town. The reason why Gimpel believed what people told him was that all of these stories were kind of real to him. Each story of each person would reveal any want and desires that they might have in their "psyche". That was why the story was so easily to invent (Giemer 850). The worst trick that the townspeople did to him was the marriage to Elka. Elka was the town's slut. She already had a child that she said was her brother. Gimpel, being the fool that everyone knew, believed every word that she said (Geimer 850). Then Gimpel marries Elka without knowing all her real story. Even though the people of the town knew the trusth no one told him anything. In addition, on their wedding day a guy brought a crib because Elka was pregnant with another child from another man that was not Gimpel (Kazin 353). When they started living together Elka did not allow Gimpel to use the same bed with her. After four month, Elka appears with another baby (Geimer 850). She tells Gimpel that the baby was premature. Then Gimpel tells her "Is he not a little too premature." However the thing was that Gimpel never slept with her so he must not have how babies were formed (Singer 82). Another thing was that Elka was always with other men instead of Gimpel. At one time Gimpel caught her with another man, but she denied everything. Elka "swore and cursed" him. But he continued with her even though she was not faithful to him. In many ways Gimpel was a wise man. The love of the children was very important to Gimpel. He always thought that there were his. When Elka became sick she told Gimpel the truth that the kids were not his and she was never faithful to Gimpel (Geimer850-851). This was Gimpel's reaction: "What is there to forgive? You have been a good and faithful wife. Woe, Gimpel! She said. It was ugly how I deceived you all these years. I want to go clean to my Maker, and so I have to tell you that the children are not yours." After he knew that the children were not his, he did not disown them. He continued to treat them the same. When he went to retire he took most of his money out of the bank and divided the money in to equal parts for each one of them (Singer 86-87). Furthermore Gimpel's Religion beliefs are very strong. He

Free Essays on Civilization And Its Discontents

For many years Ireland has been internationally recognised as a nation who enjoy the odd tipple. You only have to browse through the various mementos on sale in such shops as Mary’s on O’Connell St, or O’Carrolls on Grafton St, to understand why this image of a boozy nation is so renound worldwide. We intentionally export the jovial image of the drunken leprechaun or of the old man sitting by the fire in his local nursing a pint of Guinness by the fire, yet beneath this humorous faà §ade lies a worrying social phenomenon. In the past decade alone there has been a significant increase in the alcohol consumption of this country whilst the figures for our European counterparts, like France, have reportedly dropped by a third. Ireland and Britain remain the only western countries where there has been an increase in the amount of alcohol consumed. A quarter of all hospital admissions in this country are drink related and over a half of the casualty admissions are for the same reason. At three point five billion euros, we spend more on drink than we do on the health service. According to a recent survey, Irish teens are the biggest binge drinkers in the European Union. Binge drinking is defined as â€Å"the consumption of five or more drinks in a row on at least one occasion.† In America where there has been a major decline in alcohol consumption in the past decade, their government and media have been aggressively pursuing the problem of alcohol abuse for some time. In recent years the Irish medi a have been following America’s footsteps. There is an increased frequency of articles focusing on alcohol abuse, many of which are littered with shocking facts to strengthen the impact. One such article revealed that drinking by college students alone contributes to 1,400 student deaths, 500,000 injuries and 70,000 cases of sexual assaults or date rape each year. This social phenomenon is not a recent development, but it is becoming pr... Free Essays on Civilization And Its Discontents Free Essays on Civilization And Its Discontents For many years Ireland has been internationally recognised as a nation who enjoy the odd tipple. You only have to browse through the various mementos on sale in such shops as Mary’s on O’Connell St, or O’Carrolls on Grafton St, to understand why this image of a boozy nation is so renound worldwide. We intentionally export the jovial image of the drunken leprechaun or of the old man sitting by the fire in his local nursing a pint of Guinness by the fire, yet beneath this humorous faà §ade lies a worrying social phenomenon. In the past decade alone there has been a significant increase in the alcohol consumption of this country whilst the figures for our European counterparts, like France, have reportedly dropped by a third. Ireland and Britain remain the only western countries where there has been an increase in the amount of alcohol consumed. A quarter of all hospital admissions in this country are drink related and over a half of the casualty admissions are for the same reason. At three point five billion euros, we spend more on drink than we do on the health service. According to a recent survey, Irish teens are the biggest binge drinkers in the European Union. Binge drinking is defined as â€Å"the consumption of five or more drinks in a row on at least one occasion.† In America where there has been a major decline in alcohol consumption in the past decade, their government and media have been aggressively pursuing the problem of alcohol abuse for some time. In recent years the Irish medi a have been following America’s footsteps. There is an increased frequency of articles focusing on alcohol abuse, many of which are littered with shocking facts to strengthen the impact. One such article revealed that drinking by college students alone contributes to 1,400 student deaths, 500,000 injuries and 70,000 cases of sexual assaults or date rape each year. This social phenomenon is not a recent development, but it is becoming pr...

Using an example of your choosing, critically discuss the impact of Essay

Using an example of your choosing, critically discuss the impact of boycotting campaigns on your chosen international company,will upload a file of specific questions later - Essay Example This paper will discuss the effect of boycotting campaigns on an international company. It will elaborate on types and definitions of consumer boycotting and consider how it affected the international company. Finally, the essay will look at the principle strategic elements affected by the boycott. This paper will explore Nestlà © Company as the boycotted international company. The baby milk action IBFAN based in the United Kingdom has been in the front row advocating boycott on Nestlà © products. It is because of the unwarranted suffering and deaths of infants as a result of marketing baby formulas that do not conform to the international marketing standards around the universe (Baby Milk Action 2014: para 1). The baby Milk Action collaborates with partners from the International Baby Food action Network to watch the operations of business organisations. The bone of contention is in the use of marketing phrases such as ‘gentle start’, ‘protect’ babies and ‘natural start’ by Nestlà © in formulas. The reality is that the infants fed on the formula are at high risk of getting sick or dying compared to the babies that are breastfeeding. The breast milk has the potential of preventing deaths that occur in children below the age of five. On the other hand, the expensive baby formulas lead to malnutrition because of poverty. The company expose the young babies feeding on the foods at risk because it does not put warnings that the formula is not germ-free. As a result, most infants get bacterial infections, and there are no appropriate instructions on the course of action to be taken (Baby Milk Action 2014: para 5). The Nestlà © company baby products are promoted through health workers, pregnant women and mothers with young babies to increase their sales. The objective of the boycott campaign is to pressure the company to make amendments and at the same time sensitising individuals on

Adult education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Adult education - Assignment Example The adult learner shall have developed a different perspective to learning and shall have garnered skills and experience from social and professional interactions. Based on the differences between adult and initial education, special challenges exist that face adult learners and formal policies towards learning strategies are necessary for efficient adult learning. This paper explores the scope of adult learning and its associated challenges and strategies with the aim of recommending a suitable strategy to the Office of Vocational and Adult Education for policy development. This aims at improving benefits of adult education to learners. Adult education: special needs Dynamism of adult learning over the past decades identifies the need for periodic changes in the scope of adult education that offers diversified utility to learners such achieved transformation through self-reflection and development of new knowledge base. The learning process however needs to consider special needs am ong learners. A rich knowledge base has been developed on adult learning mechanism to facilitate identification and management of the needs. Unlike young learners in initial learning frameworks, adult learners are slow in conceptualization and knowledge development. This means longer time in a learning process and possible needs for empowerment to aid the speed of learning. The adults are however able to compensate for this weakness through their vast experience and through effective time management. Differences in visual potentials across age also identify special needs among adult learners. While human development occurs with age, vision begins to decline after the age of 18 year. The decline is gradual until the age of 40 at which the rate of decline increases and means age is a factor to needs among adult learners. Hearing potential also decline among adult learners though this occurs at late ages and hearing aids may be used to facilitate learning processes. Adults also report memory problems during their learning but the problem is less significant in contextual learning (Florida State University, n.d.). Assumptions of adult learning Basic assumptions to adults learning are another set of important factors, to adult education, that educators and policy makers need to consider for successful learning processes. Learners’ self-concept that changes with age explains a transition from nature of learning among young people in initial learning environments. A level of maturity is evident among adult learners who prefer a more independent approach to learning. There is change from dependence on learning environment to a self-reliant approach in which an adult learner is an independent and active party to the learning process. Understanding the shift in self-concept is important among educators because implementing a learning strategy that fails to recognize a learner’s desired level of independence may communicate oppression and compromise effecti veness of the learning process. Transitions across cognitive development stages supports validity of the change in self-concept at adult learning stage because each developmental stage marks increased learning potential that identifies learners abilities to learn on their own. The cognitive development theory supports independence potential by early adulthood and while level of learners’ required independence may vary across age, it is significant among adult learners (Florida State University, n.d.). Adult learning also holds the assumption of significance of learners’ experience that plays to major roles in education. Having interacted with social and professional environments, adult learners

Wrongfully Convicted Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wrongfully Convicted - Assignment Example The opponents of capital punishment have therefore cited wrongful executions as their arguments since it does not result into justice if indeed the convicted or executed person is later found to be innocent (Huff & Killias, 62). However, with the advancements in technology, there is relief to this problem as the crimes and criminals are being identified in a more accurate manner in which even those who had been convicted in the past have been released from the prisons and escaped the death sentences. Research has shown that in the United States of America, the use of DNA technology has resulted into the exoneration and the setting free of up to 15 inmates who were serving death penalty since the year 1992 (Zedeck, 27). It is however important to note that a number of individuals have also been released due to weak cases or innocent individuals convicted and the people who are supposed to be convicted set free (Huff & Killias, 65). The death penalty information center has also publish ed certain names of individuals who have been executed but are likely to be innocent if thorough investigations are done to authenticate their involvement in the crimes that they are alleged to have committed. This is not different from the other nations in Europe and other parts of the world. For example, in the United Kingdom, criminal cases review commission has reported that there are several individuals who have actually been pardoned and other several exonerations for individuals who had been executed during the time between 1950s and 1960s. It is therefore important to note that there is need to standardize the DNA evidence so as to serve as the basis for exonerations of individuals who have been wrongfully convicted as a process to deliver justice to them. One example of those who were wrongfully convicted and executed in the United States of America is Jesse Tafero. Jesse was convicted in Florida in the year 1976 for the alleged killing of police officer (Ciolino, 28). He w as convicted together witch another person known as Jacobs Sonia. The two were convicted with the murder case alongside drug trafficking. It was alleged that they killed police officers as they escaped the police arrest because of the drugs that they had. The two individuals were then sentenced to death on the basis of the testimonies by a third party prisoner who pleaded for the les entice if he testified in the case. In the year 1981, the death sentence for Jacob was commuted. However, a year later, Rhodes who testified against the pair asserted that he actually bears the full responsibility of the murder. Tafero on the other hand was executed in the year 1990 despite all these clams by Rhodes. Two years later, the charges against Jacob were squashed which later resulted into her serving imprisonment and not being executed like Tafero. It is important to note that Tafero might have been executed wrongfully and in case the same evidence used in Jacob’s case could have been u sed in his case, he could have been alive as well. Others who are believed to have been wrongfully executed include; Wayne Felker, Cameroon Willingham, Meeks Griffins and Thomas among others who were wrongfully convicted but not executed (Ciolino, 22). In the view of the above, it is clear that the cases of wrongful executions are evident and there is need to look for ways by which these executions can be right executions. With this regard, it is not possible to deliver justice to individuals who have been killed. It is therefore important for the various legislative bodies to consider doing away with the death sentences and replace it with amore elaborate and a system that can be reversed. This is because even then DNA test and the biological processes

Comparing The Faiths Of Deism And Puritanism Philosophy Essay

Comparing The Faiths Of Deism And Puritanism Philosophy Essay The 18th century and the age of the enlightenment was a period in American history which saw a proliferation of many new scientific ideas as well as an increase in religious tolerance. During this time many intellectuals explored new possibilities and interpretations of religion that were sometimes quite contradictory to the Puritanism that had been the standard religious practice since Puritans first settled the New England region. Deism, which was quite radical in contrast to the Puritan faith, came about during this time, and Benjamin Franklin, a famous enlightenment figure and a founding father of America, was one of its first spokespersons. The Deist doctrine he wrote as a 19 year old preaches a starkly different message from the writings of famous Puritans such as Mary Rowlandson, Michael Wigglesworth, and John Winthrop. While their works paint a portrait of God as a severe, demanding creator and man as a sinful, wild beast who must be restricted in his actions, Franklins piece on Deism portrays a more benevolent God who has released man into the universe to pursue his own goals without fear of Gods interference and wrath. It is these ideas of Gods intent and the nature of man which set these two religious philosophies and their writings apart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Puritan understanding of God as a vengeful and commanding ruler of men is one that dominates the writings of all of the most famous and widely read Puritan authors of the 17th and 18th centuries. Michael Wigglesworths poem The Day of Doom is particularly useful in highlighting this belief as its content focuses on Christs return to earth on Judgement day and how he deals with the sinners. He opens the poem with the quotes The Mountains smoak, the Hills are shook, the Earth is rent and torn, and Straightaway appears (they seet with tears) the Son of God most dread, (Wigglesworth, 3.) From the first lines of the poem there is a sense of helplessness and despair in the face of an angry God who is going to judge and punish his subjects on his terms. The descriptions of Gods destruction of the physical earth demonstrates his awesome power, and the use of the word dread to describe peoples perception of God is very telling of the Puritan bel ief. Even though they dread his second coming and his vengeance, they have a profound respect for his power and submit themselves to his will. The poem goes on to describe who is going to hell and why, and this passage serves to demonstrate the strict qualifications for getting into heaven that the Puritans believe God employs in his judgement of souls. Children who are too young to read the bible, Native Americans, and the mentally challenged are all unworthy of heaven in the eyes of God because they lack the ability to understand the Puritan faith (Wigglesworth, 4.) Along with these people unwelcome in Gods kingdom are all non-believers, sinners, and anyone who is simply not predestined to be saved by God. These harsh qualifications preached by Wigglesworth and other Puritans to a very accepting public are all strong testaments to the harsh nature of the Puritans God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In contrast to the harsh God of Puritanism, Deism preaches that God is a benevolent, all knowing creator who does not find evil to punish in the world of men and can for the most part leave them to their own devices. Franklin outlines this idea at the beginning of his doctrine on Deism, A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain, with the idea that If [God] is all-powerful, there can be nothing either existing or acting in the Universe against or without his Consent; and what he consents to must be good, because he is good; therefore Evil doth not exist. (Franklin 26.) This statement is radically different from the Puritan system of belief because it eliminates the existence of evil and therefore demonstrates a more pleasant interpretation of God. Rather than stressing the need for Gods constant exertion of authority over humankind and its evils through interference and punishment, Franklin asserts that since God made every thing and knows everything, there is no reason for him to even bother with the trivial affairs of humans, much less reprimand them. This is a very Deist concept of a God who is less involved in the daily business of man. The common Deist perception of God, which embodies this image of a wise and somewhat removed God, is often illustrated by the image of God as a clockmaker who has set the universe into motion to play out without his influence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The idea of Gods constant interference in the lives of men, which Franklin refutes as unnecessary because Gods has already predetermined the fate of the entire universe and its inhabitants, is another cornerstone of the Puritan belief system. One of the best examples of this idea in Puritan writing is Mary Rowlandsons A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson which describes the destruction of her town at the hands of a band of Native Americans and her subsequent captivity among them. This work gives a slightly more benevolent description of God as her protector through these hardships, but her easy acceptance and rationalization of the massacre as Gods will and punishment still alludes to the harsh nature of God and highlights his interferences in the lives of Puritans. One of the most telling quotes of the account, which Rowlandson uses to sum up her beliefs, comes in the final paragraph when she says, yet I se e when God calls a person to any thing, and through never so many difficulties, yet he is fully able to carry them through, and make them see and say they have been gainers thereby, (Rowlandson, 20.) Rowlandson cites Gods hand throughout the piece in every aspect of her captivity, and in this conclusion she makes it quite clear that it was God who put her through the terrors of these tribulations. The idea of God carrying her through her troubles and making her see and say that she is better for the experience not only indicates that God is responsible for what happened, but that he was actively focused on her for every instant of her captivity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The nature of man is another key point of disagreement between the two religious beliefs, and the Puritan stance views man as a beastly creature whose primitive instincts must be controlled by the authority of God. John Winthrops famous essay On Political Authority and Liberty, which is both a description of Gods intent of how the people should be ruled and a pitch to be reelected as governor,   gives examples of this belief in mans unruly nature. Winthrop makes a point of driving home exactly how God feels about mans more primal, natural liberties when he says, This [kind of liberty] is that great enemy of truth and peace, that wild beast, which all of the ordinances of God are bent against, to restrain and subdue it. (Winthrop 1.) The kind of liberty that he is alluding to is mans freedom in nature to do whatever he wants. According to Winthrop, this freedom, which man shares with all beasts and other creatures leads to chaos and must be controlled. This concept of the natural evil in men and the fact that God must constantly restrain men pervades Puritan doctrine and directly carries over to the Puritan style of governing that stresses adherence to authority figures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unlike the Puritan idea of mans evil nature and his need to be controlled, Deism states that mans nature is inherently good and that control over his actions is unnecessary. Franklins writings illustrate this idea when he says, If a Creature is made by God, it must depend upon God, and receive all its Power from Him; with which Power the Creature can do nothing contrary to the Will of God because God is Almighty; what is not contrary to [Gods] Will, must be agreeable to it; what is agreeable to it, must be good, because He is good; therefore a Creature can do nothing but what is good, (Franklin, 27.) In this quote Franklin asserts his belief that since the all-good and almighty creator made man and gave him his nature and abilities, man must be naturally good. He also makes the point that all of mans actions are actions of which God made him able; therefore, man can make no natural action which is not inherently good. This idea of man as g ood from the start clearly breaks from the general Christian and especially Puritan belief of original sin, and this stark difference demonstrates the progressive nature of Deisms. The idea that man is inherently good removes the need for overbearing authority and allows for man to rule himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The overwhelming differences in the beliefs of Deism and Puritanism on the subjects of God and the nature of man illustrate a clear break in the religious ideas of 18th century America. The contrast between Franklins writings and those of his Puritan predecessors demonstrates the shift from the nearly uniform belief in religion of the 17th century to a more progressive atmosphere in the time which Franklin writes. The Deist beliefs of the goodness in God and man explore an alternative to the strict Puritan faith, and in both Franklins time and today they serve as a mode of beliefs which fit the understanding of many religious Americans.

Benedicks Changing views on Love in Much Ado about Nothing :: essays research papers

Throughout Act one and two, Benedick repeatedly says that he will never love a woman or get married. At some stage in the duration of the play his mindset changes. In the end he is head over heels in love for Beatrice whom he once quarreled with habitually. The turnabout in his behavior was brought about by the deceiving Claudio and Pedro who indirectly told Benedick that Beatrice loved him. At the beginning, Benedick’s attitude is negative towards women in general. He swears he will never marry, as he is very critical of women and does not trust any of them not to cheat on him. He seems to oppose with Beatrice in a competition to outwit, outsmart, and out-insult each other. Obviously he has been in some sort of past relationship with Beatrice because when he meets her at the masked ball, she describes him as a selfish pig. We can infer that Benedick has some kind of deep feelings for her because after she insults him he is hurt and says, â€Å"Will your grace command me any service to the world’s end? I will go on the slightest errand now to the Antipodes that you can devise to send me on. I will fetch you a toothpick from the furthest inch of Asia . . . do you any embassage to the pigmies, rather than hold three words’ conference with this harpy† (II.i.229–235). This blatantly means that he does not wish to talk to her. When Benedick hears that Claudio has fallen in love for Hero, he is enraged. He thought that Claudio would live a bachelor’s life like him. Benedick tells him that men who are in love are not masculine. Near the end of Act IV, Benedick’s complete change is evident when Benedick chooses love over friendship. Benedick challenges Claudio, previously his closest friend in the world, to duel to the death over Claudio’s accusation as to Hero’s unethical behavior. After Beatrice complains to him about Claudio’s mistake, Benedick gives in, â€Å"Enough, I am engaged. I will challenge him.† At this point, there is no doubt that Benedick has switched his allegiances entirely over to Beatrice. But then again, Benedick was relieved that Hero was proved guilty so he would not have to fight his close friend Claudio. On the â€Å"second† wedding day of Hero and Claudio, Benedick showed maturity by not fighting Pedro and Claudio when they teased him about loving Beatrice.

Cultural Attitudes Toward Prolonging Life Essay

A 25-year-old woman is dying of cancer. She has asked the â€Å"no extreme procedures be used to prolong life.† She is now comatose and can be kept alive only with machines. How would you decide whether her will should be respected? This question was given in class and the majority of my group responded that they would not go to any extreme measures to keep the 25-year-old woman alive. The majority of the group reasons were that it was her will and if that what she wanted then that’s what should happen. Another reason my group decided to go along with the woman’s will is the fact that medical procedures are very costly. One more reason my group decided to go along with the woman’s will is because she is suffering from an illness and it would be in her best interest not to have to suffer anymore. Although the majority of the group decided no to go to any extremes to prolong her life, I decided not to give up on life. I know that it might sound selfish on my part but life is a very special gift. My grandfather was a victim of cancer and he, despite all of the suffering he endured, wanted to stay alive for as long as he could. He wanted to remain a strong influence on how is family viewed life. Through the radiation treatments and constants visits to doctors he never gave up on his life. I can remember him saying â€Å"Baby I’m sick but I’m here with you and it makes the pain seem a bit more bearable.† Through this I learned never to give up on life even when it seem like there is no hope left.

Causes of Childhood Obesity essays

Causes of Childhood Obesity essays Childhood obesity is a huge concern among society. Not only does it affect a child physically, but it affects them mentally and emotionally as well. Healthy eating habits must be enforced by parents to prevent adulthood obesity that originally stemmed from childhood obesity. The diet of the child begins at home, and the parents should be held responsible for any declining health issues resulting from a poor diet. Who would have ever thought something as simple as a McDonalds dinner treat on a Friday night would progress to the point of McDonalds being a part of a childs diet? What ever happened to home cooked meals that included the major food groups to keep a childs diet intact with the daily living requirements? Or better yet, a parents grocery cart is filled with more junk food and microwavable items high in sugars, carbohydrates, and fats instead of fruits and vegetables. "Good dietary habits start at home. If parents are eating poorly, chances are their kids are too." said resea rch scientist Susan H. Babey, a co-author of the policy brief (LiveScience). With that being said, the diet of the child begins at home and any declining health issues from a poor diet, the parent should be held responsible. Many people get being overweight and being obese confused. Overweight is defined as having excess body weight for a particular height from fat, muscle, bone, water, or a combination of these factors. Obesity is defined as having excess body fat. Body mass index (BMI) is the measurement in which is used to determine if a child is obese. There are two systems in determining obesity. This BMI differs from an adult because instead of actual numbers, child BMI uses percentiles and is age- and sex- specific. Children BMI percentile charts are used from 2- 19 years of age and it correlates the amount of body fat change with age and how it differs between boys and girls (CDC). If a child falls into the 85th to ...

Free Essays on Senior Design Proposal

Senor Design Proposal Submitted To: Dr. Barnicki Submitted By: Brian Rittner Steve Nolte Eric Wurtz Scott Wadell Submitted On: 01-06-2003 Table of Contents Senor Design Proposal 1 Table of Contents 2 Detailed Specifications 3 Tier 1 Requirements of Design Project 3 Tier 2 Elements of Design Project 3 Tier 3 Elements of Design Project 3 ABET Requirements 4 Economic 4 Environmental 4 Sustainability 4 Manufacturability 4 Ethical 4 Health and Safety 4 Social 5 Alternate Project 6 The R Box 6 Detailed Specifications Our group is part of a larger team that is developing a World War II submarine simulator for the Wisconsin Maritime Museum in Manitowoc. We are specializing in implementing the I/O for all of the peripheral devices of the submarine simulator. This is inclusive of the analog dials and gauges that are being simulated from the Conning Tower of a submarine. The simulator will have a tutorial to teach the users its operation. To assist in teaching how to use the simulator, the tutorial will use focus lighting to direct the user’s attention to the relative devices. This focus lighting will also be handled by our I/O group. The specifics of our group’s responsibilities are based around a PC that will be called the Master Control. This controller will be interfaced to another PC, the control for the main simulator engine, via Ethernet and communicate by way of XML RPC. The Master Control will control all the device controllers, microcontrollers or programmable gate arrays, which in turn control the simulators peripheral devices. The bus that the controllers are on, along with the Master Control’s interface to the bus, are under the responsibilities of the I/O group as well. Tier 1 Requirements of Design Project 1) A software interface on the Master Control to communicate with the Engine Master. 2) A software and perhaps ... Free Essays on Senior Design Proposal Free Essays on Senior Design Proposal Senor Design Proposal Submitted To: Dr. Barnicki Submitted By: Brian Rittner Steve Nolte Eric Wurtz Scott Wadell Submitted On: 01-06-2003 Table of Contents Senor Design Proposal 1 Table of Contents 2 Detailed Specifications 3 Tier 1 Requirements of Design Project 3 Tier 2 Elements of Design Project 3 Tier 3 Elements of Design Project 3 ABET Requirements 4 Economic 4 Environmental 4 Sustainability 4 Manufacturability 4 Ethical 4 Health and Safety 4 Social 5 Alternate Project 6 The R Box 6 Detailed Specifications Our group is part of a larger team that is developing a World War II submarine simulator for the Wisconsin Maritime Museum in Manitowoc. We are specializing in implementing the I/O for all of the peripheral devices of the submarine simulator. This is inclusive of the analog dials and gauges that are being simulated from the Conning Tower of a submarine. The simulator will have a tutorial to teach the users its operation. To assist in teaching how to use the simulator, the tutorial will use focus lighting to direct the user’s attention to the relative devices. This focus lighting will also be handled by our I/O group. The specifics of our group’s responsibilities are based around a PC that will be called the Master Control. This controller will be interfaced to another PC, the control for the main simulator engine, via Ethernet and communicate by way of XML RPC. The Master Control will control all the device controllers, microcontrollers or programmable gate arrays, which in turn control the simulators peripheral devices. The bus that the controllers are on, along with the Master Control’s interface to the bus, are under the responsibilities of the I/O group as well. Tier 1 Requirements of Design Project 1) A software interface on the Master Control to communicate with the Engine Master. 2) A software and perhaps ...

Steve Jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Steve Jobs - Essay Example born in California on February 24, 1955 to students Joanne Simpson and Jandali Abdulfattah resulting in him being given up for adoption by Paul and Clara Jobs. He knew that he was adopted from an early age. â€Å"My parents were very open with me about that,† he said3. Furthermore, Steve Jobs grew up in California attending Reed College but dropped out after six months since the fee was too much for his parents1. He did not completely drop out of college but attended classes that were interesting to him including a calligraphy class that he would later be grateful for in the development of Macintosh and refer to it in his inaugural speech at Stanford University. After working for Atari as a video games designer from 1974, he travelled to India for inspiration and returned a Zen Buddhist to California, where he was introduced to Steve Wozniak by a friend2. Moreover, Steve Jobs was offered a job for the design of a circuit board with reduced chips, and he partnered with Wozniak, paying him $350 out of the $10,000 paid by Atari. After the design and sale of blue boxes with Wozniak, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own company naming it Apple. Then he was 21 and it is at Apple that he pioneered technological advancement in computers, music, movies, phones, management, leadership, and will be remembered as an icon in his own right. Steve Jobs personality is one of the main factors that propelled him to achieve his iconic status in the technology industry. His personality entailed an unbelievable imagination in terms of the vision that Steve Jobs had of Apple’s products changing the manner of communication, work, and lives of the people3. He imagined products that would change the world for the better and his perfectionist nature made this possible. Steve Jobs was in a position to design and develop products that were innovative and interactive to make people love them, and he insisted on a perfect design that allowed him to develop a strong brand. Passion is the other

POL2000 W10 ASSIGNMENT & POL2000 W11 ASSIGNMENT Coursework

POL2000 W10 ASSIGNMENT & POL2000 W11 ASSIGNMENT - Coursework Example For public administrators, as well as public figures, the legal tests devised to restrict defamation actions are particularly inflexible. One time, tabloid publishers, along with editors, took substantial care concerning what they put in writing to steer clear of government prosecution of court cases by people for libel-published slander or phony statements. In the present day, because of steadily rising constitutional principles, it has turned out to be harder to win a defamation suit against a tabloid or a magazine. Rouse a violent act. Fighting words refer to words, which by their actual nature inflict damage on people to whom these words are spoken to or provoked so that they can act violently. Fighting statements were held as constitutionally defenseless since their very declaration may inflict harm or have a propensity to provoke an immediate violation of peace. That the utterances are abusive, unpleasant, and wounding or that the words create annoyance, alarm, or bitterness is not adequate. Therefore, a four-letter statement by an individual wearing a sweatshirt was not evaluated as a fighting declaration within the constitutional logic, even if it was hateful and angered a number of people. The utterance was not meant for any person, and people who were insulted can look away (Magleby, Light, & Nemacheck, 2011, pp. 410). The regime’s power to obtain private property so that it can utilize it publicly; the United States Constitution offers countrywide and state administrations this authority and needs them to give just reparation of so taken. Federal policies, which offer fresh benefits to every national, are known as distributive policies. National parks, the expressway system, educational backing, national defense, as well as Social Security, are known to be distributive. They assist all groupings at various levels, whether wealthy or poor (Magleby, Light, & Nemacheck, 2011, pp. 460-461). In contrast, national policies, which take resources

Compare and contrast the scientific principles of Magnetic resonance Essay

Compare and contrast the scientific principles of Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound - Essay Example However, there are similarities and differences of these radiographic techniques in terms of scientific principles behind these, by which this paper intends to explore. Transmission and Reception of Waves. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound shares their similarity in their ability to transmit their respective waves, electromagnetic and acoustic waves respectively, while receiving the signals induced by these transmitted waves. In magnetic resonance imaging, transmit coils emit radio waves to the patient, calibrated at the precessional frequency or Larmor frequency of hydrogen-1 at 42.6 MHz under a magnetic field strength of 1.5 tesla or above, generates a strong magnetic signal within the hydrogen-1 nucleus which can be detected by the receiver coils of the device1. On the other hand, in ultrasound, ultrasonic acoustic waves come from the source transducer as a result of a piezoelectric effect (conversion of electrical to sound energy), and solid objects along the watery body tissues causes an echo, which will be detected by the receiving transducer using the same piezoelectric effect (conversion of sound energy to electrical energy)2. Type of Waves. There are differences between electromagnetic waves emitted by magnetic resonance imaging and the acoustic waves of ultrasound imaging, mainly on the speed of wave travel (electromagnetic waves are faster than acoustic waves), ability to travel in an empty space (acoustic waves cannot travel in a vacuum while electromagnetic waves can), and the type of waves traveling along fluid (longitudinal and transverse in electromagnetic waves, while longitudinal only in acoustic waves), yet both electromagnetic and acoustic waves are similar to be having properties of frequencies, amplitude, intensity2. How these properties are used in both devices is also dissimilar (the frequency of electromagnetic waves in MRI is set to a standard 42.6 MHz setting, while the frequency in ultrasound is calibrated according to the de pth of penetration)1 2. Non-use of ionizing radiation. Both magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound do not utilize ionizing radiation present in x-ray, computerized tomography and fluoroscopy. In magnetic resonance imaging, the electromagnetic wave frequency of 42.6 MHz is very low to cause ionization of molecules, while acoustic waves are not a type of radiation which causes ionization of molecules even in high frequencies2. Body Temperature Elevation. Both magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound produces heat. Heat is a form if energy, which can be appreciated in thermodynamics as â€Å"internal energy† in terms of excitement of molecules. From elastic energy, while the waves are being deformed by compression and rarefaction, there is energy transformation into heat or thermal energy which can be absorbed by the system3. Waves, whether it is radio frequency electromagnetic or acoustic, has the property of intensity, which is the power output per area (I = P / A) while e nergy can be computed as power over a period of time (E = P / t). If power will be substituted, energy is equal to the product of intensity and area, divided by time (E = [I x A] / t). By this formula, it is already clear that energy is involved in waves. Assuming that the wave is at rest, the energy of a wave is its potential energy. However, if the wave is put in motion, this potential energy will be

“Everybody knows what religion is, and so, we do not need to define it.” Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Everybody knows what religion is, and so, we do not need to define it.† Essay The study of religion may be as old as humankind itself according to one author. Defining religion is difficult as there are many definitions as there are many authors. The word religion is the most difficult to define because of the lack of a universally accepted definition. Specifically the root meaning of the word religion can be traced to Latin. Relegare or religion means to bind oneself, emanating from the Latin religio, which is translated to re-read emphasising tradition passing from generation to generation. Douglas Davies says â€Å"some have simply described religion as a belief in spiritual beings.† (10). In the book The World Religion there is a suggestion of approaches for tackling the question of religion such as viewing it anthropologically, sociologically, through history, in a scholarly way, theologically and by reductionism. In this paper I will try and assess the definition of religion from aforementioned views and identify the problems of defining religion. James Cox states that in their introductory textbook on religion the American scholars Hall, Pilgrim and Cavanagh identify four characteristic problems with traditional definitions of religion; these are: vagueness, narrowness, compartmentasation and prejudice (9). The authors argue that vagueness means there are so many definitions that they do not distinguish the matter of religion from other fields of study. Tilich’s defines religion as ultimate concern or a simple idea of religion meaning living a good life (9). Living a good life is subjective to an individual since the concerns and values we have are influenced by culture and the community that we live in. The definition of religion may also be viewed as narrow by means of compensating for the vagueness. In most cases the study of religion is fixated on a certain field or line of thought. Hall, Pilgrim and Cavanagh use Thomas Aquinas’ claim that religion denotes a relationship with a God, thereby excluding non-atheistic or polytheistic forms of religion (Cox 9). Most definitions are narrowed down to religious beliefs such as Christianity among other world religions. In narrowing down the definition of religion it excludes other religions such as African Traditional Religions. Due to the fact that African religions lack most characteristics needed of World religions they are excluded from being religion. Atheism is a growing phenomena in the world that does not believe in a God, which I feel have its own belief system. Many definitions focus too narrowly on only a few aspects of religion; they tend to exclude those religions that do not fit well. It is apparent that religion can be seen as a theological, philosophical, anthropological, sociological, and psychological phenomenon of human kind. To limit religion to only one of these categories is to miss its multifaceted nature and lose out on the complete definition. The same authors by way of compartmentalisation explain religion in terms of just one single, special aspect of human life. This compartmentalisation reduces religion to one part of human life and ignores its relevance to the totality of human existence. They also argue against Schleiermachers’ definition of religion as a feeling of absolute dependence which might reduce religion to a mere psychological condition, (Cox 9). By compartmentalisation you are taking the part of the whole to be the whole, thereby reducing religion to one aspect of human existence ignoring the totality of existence. Religion is not just a feeling but encompasses the totality of existence in a human being his beliefs, culture and language. Religious or religion is not static but dynamic from one generation to another and they are ever developing in accordance with time and nature. Religion is not only a compartment in life of a human being but a totality, a large elephant it is huge and complex. Most definitions of religion may be viewed as prejudice because they are evaluative in process which cannot present an objective picture of what religion actually is. The same scholars argue giving the example of Karl Max that religion is the opium of the people which is clearly biased (Cox 9). A scholar by the name of Barnhart criticizes traditional definitions of religion identifying in them five issues in prejudice: belief in supernatural, evaluative definitions, diluted definitions, expanded definitions and true religion. In his argument, Barnhart denies that religions must not hold a belief in God or supernatural beings to qualify as religions. He believes that such definitions restrict the subject matter of religion and thus are too exclusive, (Cox 9). In the same argument he concurs with Hall and company call on narrowness of definition of religion.  In the same view disagrees with E.B Tylor ‘religion consists of beliefs in spiritual’ beings as too narrow. In asserting that religion definitions are evaluative in nature, Barnhart concurs with Hall that these definitions are prejudiced. He argues against Marx and Freud saying the ultimate concern is itself an evaluative concept imposed on religion from the perspective of Western philosophy. Citing Clarke’s statement that ‘religion is the life of God in the soul of man’ tells us nothing about either God or the soul thereby diluting the definition and affirming other scholars view that religion’s definition is vagueness. Compartmentalisation of the definition of religion can also be likened to what Barnhart calls expanded definitions. He argues against Russell who tries to expand the definition of religion so far as to make it seem an effort to seek comfort in a terrifying world. The argument follows that by trying to define religion as a way of expanding a list of what comprises religion to accommodate one compartment of human existence it has an opposite effect of diluting the definition rather than searching for consolation, (Cox 10). Lastly Barnhart finds a problem in defining all religions in terms of one religion which by definition claims itself to be true. He gives the example of ‘Religion is belief in Jesus’ or ‘there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet’. This clearly categorises the definition of religion are subjective (Cox 10). The example also clearly shows how exclusive some definitions of religion are and proves the earlier mentioned problem of prejudice against one belief system or being traditionally fixated on belief systems of faith. The problem of plurality according to Roger Schmidt religion is difficult to define because it is a collective term applied to a wide range of phenomena. The phenomena include beliefs and practices that all religions have in common. Closely related to plurality is the problem of culture as religion and culture are closely linked. Religion is a child of culture, which is a result of religion being found in a certain contextual culture, therefore, difficult to define religion in all cultures. Religion itself is dynamic the Buddhism of a hundred years ago is not the same today. This shows that religion is not static but dynamic.

Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention Dengue fever Dengue fever is a disease that is triggered by a virus (DENV) and there are different serotypes related viruses (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4) (Byron et al., 2009; Whitehorn et al., 2011). However they have 60-80% homology The virus belongs to the flaviviridae family genus and the flavivirus which is an aborvirus that is arthropod borne (Roach, 2002; Byron et al., 2009). Severity of dengue fever can progress to Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) (Byron et al., 2009). It is an icosahedral virus that has an enveloped single stranded, positive sense genome (Byron et al., 2009; Whitethorn et al., 2011).      Figure 1. Dengue virus evoluntary tree (Hesse, 2007) Transmission of Dengue virus The virus is transmitted through a biological vector to human bloodstream from mosquito bites. The arthropod vector is Aedes mosquito mainly Aedes aegypti that is common in tropic or subtropics regions (Byron et al., 2009).  Aedes albopictu is another mosquito vector. The mosquito that has acquired the virus can transmit it to uninfected human for the rest of its life (). Human being are the reservoir for the virus, mosquito bite an infected human to obtain the virus which it will transmit to another human being who will now become a carrier () Another reservoir is monkey in the DENV virus sylvatic cycle. The virus is found in the mosquitoes salivary gland and can also be transmitted from adult mosquito to its egg making it preserving the virus from season to season (Rolland, 1995) Figure 1. Transmission cycles of dengue virus (Byron et al., 2009) Symptoms and Clinical features of dengue fever Infection by DENV maybe asymptomatic or show a wide range of clinical symptoms (Byron et al., 2009). Symptom are more severe in children below 15 years than in adults (Byron et al., 2009; Carlos et al., 2005). Dengue fever initiate with a high fever whereby the body temperature increases up to (104-105) Fahrenheit within 4-5 day from infection (Guzman et al., 2002). After 2-5 days of fever a red rash might appear followed by a second severe rash again that looks like measles accompanied by increase skin sensitivity and discomfort (Harris et al., 2000). Other symptoms are fatigue, muscle ache, joint ache, vomiting, Nausea, swollen lymph nodes, headache especially on the area behind the eyes, nasal stiffness, sore throat, coughing, retro-orbital pain, arthralgia, myalgia and gastrointestinal pain ( Byron et al., 2009; Guilarde et al., 2008). Leukopenia is common while thrombocytopenia is occasional, likely in patients with haemorrhagic signs like petechiae, gingival bleeding and epista xis (Guilarde et al., 2008; Kittigul et al., 2008) Pathogenesis of the Dengue virus (DENV) Lack of animal models results to lack of knowledge of the actual pathogenesis of the virus but it anticipated it is multifactorial (Bryon, 2009).Dengue fever virus have four serotypes (homology of surface antigen) which make it hard for the immune system to combat and this is the basis of it virulence(Ross, 2010; Limon et al., 2005). Host genetics and background, viral genetics and host immune status determines the pathogenesis and how the immune system reacts (Sierra et al., 2007; Quinlivan, 2007; Tanaka and Mizokami, 2007; Byron et al., 2009). Once the virus access the body system through the skin epidermis Langerhans and keratinocytes cells are initially infected. However the immune system responds by producing antibodies that stick structural protein while inactivating the virus and hindering macrophage infection by the virus. At this point primary infection occurs which is the dengue fever. However antibody adherence does not inactivate the virus, viral replication occurs by att aching to the cell surface entry inside the cell cytoplasm and translation of viral proteins (Rothman, 2010; Byron et al., 2009). Subsequently the virus enters the blood stream and results ( primary viremia) where it will attach various tissue macrophages in various organs likely macrophages within the spleen (Bracken, 2005; Byron et al., 2009). As the virus replication expands to macrophages, monocytes, liver cells, bone marrow, the viral load of DENV increases (Chang et al., 2002; Burke and Kliks, 2006). Viral replication efficiency determines the viral load which can be measure in blood to determine the severity of the infection (Hesse, 2000; Halstead, 2003; Green and Rothman, 2006; Byron, 2009). Infected cells die through apoptosis and to some extend by necrosis (Byron et al., 2009; Chakravarti et al., 2006). Necrosis causes release of toxins which triggers coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Based on bone marrow stromal severity of infection, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-18 leve ls hemopiosis is inhibited reducing blood thrombogenicity (Byron et al., 2009; Chao et al., 2009). Viral load and viral tropism will increase resulting to severe thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction which cause capillary fragility, easy bruising and also gastrointestinal mucosal bleeding which are features of DHF while the infection triggers development of specific antibody and cellular immune response against DENV (Nachman, 2008; Chang et al., 2002). Ig antibodies bind to the virus during secondary infection thereby eliciting the infection by increasing the viral load (Nachman, 2008; Byron et al., 2009) If another different serotype invades the body, the immune system combats it the same way as it did previously due to minor difference present within various serotypes (Bryon, 2009; Huerre et al., 2001). Moreso, the dengue viruses have M proteins that assist in apoptosis of their target cell. Furthermore upon macrophage invasion, DENV, it triggers the pro-inflammatory cytokines release as well as other mediators by antigen presenting cells, cross reactive T-cells of low and high avidity, HLA and endothelial cells of the immune system which compromise abnormal homeostasis and tissue permeability (Byron et al., 2009; Carlos et al., 2005). This slows down virus elimination and can cause a more severe secondary infection, such as DHF or DSS (Byron et al., 2009). Figure 2 Proposed pathogenicity of dengue virus (Byron et al., 2009). Diagnosis of dengue fever Dengue fever is diagnosed based on the clinical symptoms. Test and examination to identify the DENV can be done through antibody titre of the DENV (Jesse et al., 2004; Hesse, 2007). Another method is by doing a white blood cell count which is very low in infected patient (Jesse et al., 2004; Hesse, 2007; Ross 2010).Blood test to detect DENV via serology and ELISA to identify IGM antibodies (Hesse, 2007; Byron et al., 2009; Whitehorn et al., 2011). Carrying out a liver function test (ALT and AST) which is elevated in infected individuals (Byron et al., 2009). Further laboratory tests like polymerase chain reaction can be done for the virus types, specifically RT-PCR which identify viral RNA in patient samples (blood,liver,CFS) and can be modified to quantitative RT-PRC or using a Taqman probe when dealing with small quantities Of RNA (Hesse, 2007; Ross, 2010). Immunohistochemistry using antidengue monoclonal antibodies to identify viral RNA (Jesse et al., 2004) Prevention Can be done by shielding away from the Aedes mosquitoe and also reducing the mosquito population by covering the body through clothing to reduce chances of mosquito bites. Mosquitoe nets can be used (Argawal et al., 1998; Byron et al., 2009). Moreso travelling in times or to areas where mosquitoes are absent (An et al., 2004).Usage of mosquitoe repellents is also essential. In high risk areas, hose opening should be closed (windows, doors etc.) (Byron et al., 2004). Eliminating water stagnant by covering them as well as putting insecticides can kill the mosquitoe (Argawal et al., 1998; Byron et al., 2009). Moreso still water collecting containers like drums, flowerpots buckets should be eliminated (Byron et al., 2009) furthermore the World Health Organisation have made efforts to enforce correct disposal of these items via chemical methods and environmental management (World Health Organisation Media Centre, 2002; Argawal et al., 1998; Byron et al., 2009). Improving community dengue virus vector control programs and moreso monitoring and surveillance should be done in order to determine the control measures effectiveness (World Health Organisation Media Centre, 2002) Currently there is no vaccine against the dengue fever virus but there is ongoing research to develop vaccine against the virus (Byron et al., 2009). One promising vaccine been worked on is a live attenuated virus vaccine named West Nile virus, which is measles based virus to eradicate dengue (World Health Organisation Media Centre, 2002). This vaccine have been used in Thailand although there is no evidence that it can combat all four serotypes of dengue in order to avoid complications of dengue fever (DHF and DSS) (Argawal et al., 1998; Byron et al., 2009; World Health Organisation Media Centre, 2002). Treatment Treatment for dengue virus is not specific, to care for symptoms like dehydration, the patient must rest and consume copious amount of fluids, intravenous electrolytes is given to compensate the dehydration (Jesse et al., 2004; Hesse, 2007). For high fever, joint pain and headache antipyretic drugs like Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and codeine should be administered (Jesse et al., 2004; Hesse, 2007; Byron et al., 2009). Moreso drugs such as corticosteroids or carbazochrome sodium sulfonate are administered in order to inhibit the increase capillary permeability as well as stopping plasma leakage (Byron et al., 2009). Asprin and non-steroidal should be administered under doctor supervision for anti- inflammatory purposes (Byron et al., 2009). Treatment can reduce the mortality rate from 20% to 1% (Jesse et al., 2004; Hesse, 2007; Byron et al., 2009). Epidemiology Dengue fever has re-emerged since 20 years ago accompanied by an expansion in geographic distribution thereby increasing the epidemic, moreso with the upcome of hyperendemicity (Debarati and Schimmer, 2005). An estimation by the World Health Organisation of about 2.5 billion people are affected by the dengue virus each year. World Health Organisation estimated, that yearly there are 50-100 million cases per year with more than 500 000 cases of hospital admission with 15,00 deaths (World Health Organisation, 2002; Debarati and Schimmer, 2005 ). Dengue fever endemic has increase from 9 countries in 1970 to 100 countries currently (Debarati and Schimmer, 2005; World Health Organisation, 2002 ). The first dengue fever epidemics occurred in 1779-1780 in continents like Africa, Asia and South America (). Recently in 1998, there was a pandemic in United States resulting to less than 1% fatality rate. The mortality rate ranges from 1-10 % (Debarati and Schimmer, 2005; Byron et al., 2009). In creasing expansion of the disease all over the world is due to increase in population as well as lack of vector control programs (Gubler et al., 2004; Hesse, 2000). However due to control and preventive measures the number of cases is increasing from travellers who are carrying the virus from high risk areas such as sub-tropical and tropical region (Byron et al., 2009). Figure 3. Global epidemiology of Dengue virus (LaRive, 2008). Global cases and outbreaks of dengue fever In Venezuela, 2007 there was an outbreak of 80,000 dengue fever cases in which 6,000 persisted to DHF. In the same year above 890,000 cases were reported in America of which 26,000 persisted to DHF the route of transmission being endemic and from travellers ( Byron et al., 2009; World Health Organisation Media Centre, 2002). Most recent outbreak occurred in 2005 in Brownsville Texas with 25 reported cases and 16 DHF (Whitethorn et al., 2011) The virus was also transmitted to neighbouring state Tamaulipas where there was 1251 case reported in which 223 had DHF (Bebarati and Schimmer, 2005; Whitehorn et al., 2011).

Investigation Into Osmosis :: Papers

Investigation Into Osmosis Aim === The aim of this experiment is to compare the change of mass of potatoes when they are in a Starch and water solution. The reason the mass would changes is due to osmosis. Introduction ============ [IMAGE] Osmosis is the process of water passing from a region of high concentration of water, through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. Osmosis occurs when there is more water on one side of the cell than the other. In the example to the right the small blue particles represent water. There are more of the small blue particles on the left-hand side so the number of water molecules on each side would even out until the water cells are in equilibrium. The experiment we are doing is to see how much of the water has diffused and how much mass the potato lost or gained. Variables ========= I chose to investigate the mass of potato and volume of solution lost or gained when potato is put in water/ sucrose solution. The variables I didn't change were:  · Start volume of solution  · Start mass of potato  · Surface area of potato  · Amount of sunlight  · Length of time  · Type of potato  · Temperature The variables that I changed were:  · Concentration of sucrose/ water solution. Preliminary work ================ We did a preliminary experiment to check that the measurements and amount time would give us clear enough results. Method ====== We took three test tubes with 10ml solution in each. One with 0M sucrose One with 0.5M sucrose and the other with 1M sucrose, a test tube rack, three bungs and three pieces of potato. We weighed the three pieces of potato and cut them down to make them the same mass to make it a fair test. Then we made the water/ sucrose solution using these measurements:

American Nurses Association Essay

According to American Nurses Association website, nursing- sensitive indicators are defined as the structure, process and outcomes of nursing care (nursingworld.org). Quality care for patients in the hospital is important to their healing process. It is important to know what the nursing-sensitive indicators are and how they affect patients. The indicators are intended to focus plans and programs to increase quality and safety in patient care. In this scenario with Mr. J, many members of the healthcare team were not doing enough to make sure he was safe and that his needs were met to the fullest. Knowing what the nursing- sensitive indicators are could have helped prevent Mr. J from developing a pressure ulcer and making sure he was getting the correct diet. The healthcare team responsible for Mr. J did not advocate for him like they should have and let things slip when they should have been reported and taken care of. Understanding nursing-sensitive indicators can help nurses deliver the best care possible to their patients and help minimize complications and increase patient satisfaction. Some of the issues that happened with Mr. J’s case could have led to more serious complications. Restraining Mr. J when it was not necessary increased his chance of developing a pressure ulcer and could also have led to further serious complications such as developing post surgical complications such a deep vein thrombosis which would increase his stay in the hospital. Another example that could have been avoided was making sure that Mr. J was receiving the correct food for his diet. The healthcare team did not address Mr. J’s incorrect dietary meal in a timely manner which could have led to a more serious event. Not addressing patient needs will decrease patient satisfaction, which is one of the nursing-sensitive indicators.

Ikons Attempt at Erp Essays

Ikons Attempt at Erp Essays Ikons Attempt at Erp Essay Ikons Attempt at Erp Essay Ikons Attempt at ERP Material Requirements Planning (MRP) and ERP Ikon Office Solutions is the world’s largest independent office technology company, with revenues approaching $5 billion and operations in the U. S. , Canada, Mexico, the United King-dom, France, Germany, and Denmark. Ikon is pursing a growth strategy to move from what was more than 80 individually operating copier dealers to an integrated solutions company. Its goal is to provide total office technology solutions, ranging from copiers, digital printers, and docu-ment management services to systems integration, training, and other network technology ser-vices. The company has rapidly expanded its service capability with an aggressive acquisition effort that has included technology services and document management companies. Given these objectives, the company seemed to need ERP software. A few years ago, it be-gan a pilot project in the Northern California district to assess the possibility of using SAP’s en-terprise software applications companywide. Chief Information Officer David Gadra, who joined Ikon about a month after the pilot system was turned on, however, decided not to roll it out. Ikon will take a $25 million write-off on the cost of the pilot. â€Å"There were a number of factors that made us decide this project was more challenging than beneficial for us,† says Gadra. â€Å"When we added everything up- human factors, functionality gaps, and costs incurred- we decided our environment is ill defined for SAP. † Instead, Ikon is bringing all 13 of its regional operations onto a home-grown application system. â€Å"I don’t blame the consultants or SAP,† he says. â€Å"We made errors on our side in estimating the amount of business change we’d have to make as part of this implementation. The vast majority of the $25 million loss represents consultant fees; less than 10% went to pay for the software itself. At any given point in the project, Ikon was paying 40 to 50 outside consultants $300 an hour. Ikon budgeted $12 million to get the system running. That cost came in at over $14 million, including $8 million paid to IBM for con sulting. A major reason the company decided to drop SAP was its conclusion that the software didn’t sufficiently address the needs of a service company like Ikon, as opposed to those of manufac-turers. For example, SAP didn’t have an adequate feature for tracking service calls. Ikon also had great difficulty assembling an internal team of SAP experts. Ikon’s costs were high because the firm relied heavily on consultants. â€Å"I am extremely disappointed by Ikon’s announcement,† says SAP America president Jeremy Coote, describing Ikon’s earlier pilot as on time and â€Å"extremely successful. † Coote calls Ikon’s decision to scrap the project â€Å"an example of what happens when you don’t sell at the corporate level† as well as the divisional level. A newer version of SAP is to include a service management module. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS What are the information needs at Ikon and what alternatives does Ikon have to meet these needs? What are the advantages and disadvantages of ERP software in meeting these needs? What risks did the company take in selecting SAP software for evaluation? Why did Ikon cancel the SAP project? Sources: Ikon Annual Reports; Information Week (April 1997): 25; and J. R. Gordon and S. R. Gordon, Information Systems: A Management Approach, 3rd ed. (New York: Wiley, 2003).

Roots of the Tragedy in Salem Essay

Roots of the Tragedy in Salem Essay Roots of the Tragedy in Salem Essay Ali Pendev Ms. Hodde 10AA English, 4th Hour 15 October 2011 Roots of the Tragedy in Salem Abigail Williams started and continued the tragedy of Salem. First Abigail threatens the girls to not tell the whole truth about what they were doing in the woods (Miller 20). If she had never threatened them to only say they danced, the girls would have told the whole story and get beaten instead of lie and start this tragedy. Another way Abigail starts and continues the tragedy is by blaming Tituba for being a witch. (Miller 45) Tituba has no power as a slave and Abigail knows they will believe her over Tituba so she accuses Tituba for making her drink blood and hurting her in other ways because she has compacted with the devil. Also, Abigail leads the rest of the girls to start blaming innocent, lower class people of witchery. (Miller 50-1) Abigail sets an example when she blames Tituba and then starts blaming random people after so the girls just go along with the pretending and start accusing random lower class people of being witches. Abigail Williams lead the girls to accuse m any innocent people and therefore she is responsible for starting and continuing the tragedy of Salem. Another person responsible for continuing the tragedy is Judge Danforth. One reason he is responsible for continuing it is he arrested 400 people and signed the death warrants of 72 of those people.(Miller 91) If he had not arrested all those people with the little and even no proof against them, the tragedy would not have been continued. Also, Judge Danforth denies people of getting lawers and therefore lowers their chances of proving that they were not bewitched. (Miller 105) If he had allowed lawers to come in and eveluate the proof and try to debate against it they could have proven the accusations false. Lasty, Judge Danforth believed the girls with no proof because he believed that witchery was spirits sent to hurt others and therfore cannot be seen. (Miller 105) Judge Danforth was not very smart in thinking that there was no proof because the spirits were invisible and if he would have listened to Hale, the expert, he could have denied the accusations and not continued the tr agedy. Danforth is accountable for continuing the tragedy because was fooled by the pretends of the girls and led to believing in invisible proof since the spirits of witches were invisible. Third and finally most accountable of all things was the Puritan society for starting and continuing the tragedy of Salem. The Puritan society is responsible for starting